Sep 9, 2021

by Jennifer Robinson, preservation services manager, southern New England

Interior Storm Windows Installed in East Parlor of Lyman Estate

Energy efficiency is often understood as a modern concept, but New Englanders were managing thermal comfort and ventilation through passive design long before the advent of complex mechanical heating and cooling systems.

Several of our own historic properties were built with design-driven features to naturally mitigate the effects of our region’s seasonal temperature fluctuations and facilitate air flow. Some of these features may easily be revived or rediscovered in older homes or could even provide inspiration for new building construction.

The brise-soliel at Gropius House effectively manages the effects of the sun’s changing angles as the seasons change. It blocks the high summer sun to provide shade while allowing the lower winter sun to warm the building.

Site and design

When Walter Gropius moved to the United States in 1937 and began designing a home for his family in Lincoln, Mass., New England’s regional building traditions and materials were a key part of his design strategy. In 1943’s Scope of Total Architecture, he wrote:

“I tried to face the problem [of design] in much the same way as the early builders of the region had faced it when, with the best technical means at their disposal, they built unostentatious, clearly defined buildings that were able to withstand the rigors of the climate and that expressed the social attitude of their inhabitants.”

The final structure realized elements such as consideration of site, insulation, and passive ventilation. In addition, the use of an overhanging brise-soliel enhances the heating and cooling effects of seasonal changes resulting from the sun’s shifting angle. University of Massachusetts Amherst scholars conducted a 2011 study indicating that Gropius’s design maximizes solar gains in winter and overshadowing in summer.

Entry halls at Hamilton House, showing open door used for cross-breezes, 1898.

Ventilation Systems

The COVID-19 pandemic put a spotlight on building systems and the importance of air circulation. Historically, structures in New England were built to maximize air flow without electricity in order to provide optimal cooling effects during the summer. Windows or doorways placed at opposite ends of a space can naturally take advantage of differences in pressure, allowing for a continuous flow of air. This principle is evident at Hamilton House (c. 1785) in South Berwick, Maine, where open front and rear doors can make ample use of cross-breezes.

In addition, stack vents (often in stairwells) or louvered cupolas can drive hot air out of vertical spaces and create ventilation. In historic barns, cupolas naturally circulated and replenished fresh interior air.

In contrast, as mechanical air conditioning became broadly available by the mid-twentieth century and energy costs were low, natural circulation in building design declined. Mechanical heating and cooling also allowed for increasingly larger building systems and paved the way for the high rises and tall office blocks of this period.

Sash window configuration in the Eustis Estate’s Small Parlor. Note the double-hung sash, an exterior storm window, shutters on a track, and thick draperies that can be adjusted for thermal comfort.

Windows

At first glance, the ornate woodwork and paint applications that ornament each room of the Eustis Estate in Milton, Mass., may overshadow its sash windows. However, this belies several highly functional elements that contribute to control of seasonal temperature fluctuations.

First, the house’s sash windows operate on the principle that hot air rises. In the summer, both top and bottom sashes could be opened to create a dynamic airflow, whereby cooler air could circulate warm air out the window. In the winter, radiators positioned beneath some windows also made use of thermodynamics: when cold air near the windows mingled with hot air from the radiator, the warm air was forced back throughout the room, thereby creating a more evenly heated space.

In addition, some windows are equipped with interior pocket shutters secured to a rolling track. Depending on the time of day, the shutters could be adjusted to block radiant heat from the summer sun. In the winter, heavy drapes created a layer of insulation around window openings, and tight window locks dampened the effects of unwanted drafts.


Historic New England is an expert in preservation. If your old home’s wood windows could use some restoration work in order to maximize energy efficiency, we’ve got you covered. Our white papers guide you through achieving museum-quality repairs.

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